Analysis Of The Story Old Man And The Sea - 1189 Words

The Story of Santiago Old Man and the Sea Book Analysis Ernest Hemingway poured his own traits and personal touches to his moving piece of work, and by doing this he created heart-touching original characters that will make you think deeper and darker. The novella entails a story of an Old Man going on a strenuous fishing expedition miles off the coast of Cuba for the course of three days and three nights. Sadly, the battle is lost over the Old Man losing his catch and bringing home only its bones. Over the length of the novella, the Old Man becomes enlightened by the ever-changing world around him and the crippling thoughts that haunt him. Many minor details are disclosed only to leave the readers wondering if all these details has a deeper meaning. Within the novella, Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway uses the diverse characters and events to symbolize the struggles in the life of the reality of growing-up. Cruz Rule 2 The protagonist, Santiago, was a well respected fisherman in his younger years, but soon lost it all by locals noticing he has bypassed eighty-four days without a single solid catch. Santiago was attempting to fish for his big break after being told by locals he gained â€Å"...salao...† (9) ,which is the belief of having the worst possible luck. The condition of the Old Man’s vessel doesn’t help make his situation anymore fitting. Hemingway describes his boats as The sail was patched with flour sacks and†¦it looked like the flag of permanent defeat (9).Show MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1744 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway is a story about an old man named Santiago who has to overcome many obstacles in his time at sea and in life (Hemingway). Despite being a fisherman, Santiago has not caught fish in 84 days and is faced by numerous dilemmas and shortcomings as things seem t o always go wrong for him (Hemingway). This paper provides an analysis of the novel by interpreting it as a secular humanist epic. This paper hypothesizes that the character of Santiago is guided byRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea: an Annotated Bibliography1684 Words   |  7 PagesNick Choi Ms. Marshall English 11 Honors 18 January 2013 The Old Man and the Sea: An Annotated Bibiliography Ernest Hemingway’s novel, The Old Man and the Sea, can be construed as an allusion to the Bible and the struggles of Jesus based on Santiago’s experiences. Baskett, Sam S. Toward a Fifth Dimension in  The Old Man and the Sea.  The Centennial Review  19.4 (Fall 1975): 269-286. Rpt. in  Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anna Sheets- Nesbitt. Vol. 36. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000.  Literature ResourceRead MoreHemingway s Secret Autobiography : Symbols1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen embedded in stories. Writers throughout history, from Shakespeare to Hemingway, capitalize symbolism in order to pack the most punch in the least amount of words. Ernest Hemingway himself values writing the â€Å"One True Sentence†, concentrating the his points in the few terse phrases he expresses himself in. Symbols - Hemingway’s perfect weapon of choice - allows him to express two sides to story simultaneously. The marks of Hemingway’s weapon are evident in The Old Man and the Sea, as multiple subjectsRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a Pulitzer prize-winning novella written by Nobel award-winning author and journalist Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway endured many tragedies, from the wounds of his time in war and even during two successive plane crashes in which Hemingway was permanently injured. Throughout it all, however, Ernest Hemingway still stood with great honor and took pride in his humility. These are the characteristics that really led Hemingway to greatness and success. His book is the story ofRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing1607 Words   |  7 Pageswriting section than I probably needed to because I wanted to make sure the subtleties of my comic were not lost. I had no idea what to expect for a grade because I wasn’t yet familiar with your system, but talk from other students had me worried. â€Å"Oh man, Mr. Damaso is a real toughy on those comic projects,† was a commonly uttered phrase. Getting a 90 was a big confidence boost. I spent a lot of time on this because it interested me and a solid grade was an encouraging affirmation. In several categoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven 1514 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a very well known writer who specifically liked to write poetry and short stories whose genres included mystery and horror. He’s well known for some of his most popular works such as The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart, and Annabel Lee. Edgar Allan Poe has written many different pieces of literary work that make him unique from the rest. His literary works evoke deep thoughts and imagery. Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts but mostly lived in Richmond, Virginia. Poe wrote his firstRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Siddhartha Gautama1638 Words   |  7 PagesHemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† as the protagonist travels towards enlightenment. Thenceforth, there is a clear correlation between Siddhartha’s life, the Buddhist lifestyle and the Hemingway s novella. Siddhartha Gautama, who is referred to as the Buddha, meaning â€Å"the enlightened† or â€Å"the awakened one†, was born six hundred years before the common era to the king of the Shakyas tribe in Nepal. A week after Siddhartha was born, his mother passed away, but not before a holy man prophesied thatRead More Magical Realism in Context: Analysis of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings1193 Words   |  5 PagesMagical Realism in Context: Analysis of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚   From the beginning of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, the ordinary begins to confront the extraordinary. This short story by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, one of the most famous Latin American authors, was introduced to the world in 1955. By examining the magical and realistic elements of this short story, the theoretical term given to an emerging art form of the mid- twentieth century can be applied to a workRead MoreSymbolism in The Old Man and The Sea Essay2610 Words   |  11 Pagessymbolic elements into one of his most well known novels, The Old Man and The Sea, which assist in developing the many themes throughout the story. Hemmingway has constructed the struggle between Santiago and the marlin, his antagonist to symbolize overall themes of strength, perseverance, valor, and defeat. Moreover, his use of such symbols advances the plot toward the eventual defeat of Santiago. These symbols include Santiago’s community, the sea that supports it, and the people who m ake up the small

Information Security Standards Shaping An International...

Nova Southeastern University Circuits of Power in creating de jure Standards: Shaping an International Information Systems Security Standard Instructor: Dr. Gurvirender Tejay Done By: Abdullah Elzallal Due Date: 09/21/2015 Research Problem Information Security is one of the critical fields in the protection of data in all institutions. The quality of information security department depends on some internal and external factors. An article written by Backhouse, Hsu and Silva in 2006 addressed many factors regarding information system security. The research problem of the paper was focused on comprehending how power operates in establishing and institutionalizing standards. According to Backhouse et al. (2006) there is little information known regarding the impact of power and politics on institutionalizing an informal group comprising of security chiefs and setting legal standards for information system security standards. The authors sought to understand how the circuits of power operate in creating legal standards in information security system (Backhouse, Hsu, Silva, 2006). Moreover, the research was driven by the desire to understand the role of external contingencies, resources, powerful personnel, and membership of social and institutional groups in enhancing fruitful political outcomes. The study was aimed at identifying and examining the influence exogenous risks in facilitating the development of a standard from an idea and eventually into an obligatoryShow MoreRelatedThe Digital Revolution835 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To realize the full benefits of the digital revolution, users must have confidence that sensitive information is secure, commerce is not compromised, and the infrastructure is not infiltrated† (United States, 2009). The United States (US) government has a responsibility to its people to protect commerce, critical infrastructure and itself from cyber threats. From the beginning of President Barack Obama’s administration, he has made it clear that cybersecurity is one of the most important challengesRead MoreAccounting in Japan1543 Words   |  7 PagesWhat factors do you consider to be primarily responsible for the Japanese accounting system being significantly different from other national systems and what influences do you consider the Japanese system will have on international accounting in the future? INTRODUCTION Japan as an accounting jurisdiction is characterized by the dominance of the state (Haller and Raffournier, 2003). The accounting rules have been set out in the past fifty years as statute law with an implicit objective thatRead MoreEssay on The Objectives and Roles of the World Health Organization1596 Words   |  7 Pages Based on WHO:s health agenda, the main targets are developing promoting, health security, strengthening health systems, generating research, information and evidence, enhancing partnerships and improving WHO:s performance (WHO 2013) . In our country we have our own health policy, Health 2015 (STM 2001) , which is a long-term health policy programme, based on the WHO:s new Global Health on the 21-program and principle of health in all policies. It is purposed to improve health and functional capacityRead MoreHow To Combat Terrorist Bombing After 9 / 11, 2001?901 Words   |  4 PagesIII. EFFORTS TO COMBAT TERRORIST FUNDING AFTER 9/11 a. International Efforts i. United Nations The first step taken by the United Nations to combat terrorist funding was in October 1999 with the adoption of Resolution 1267 (â€Å"UNSCR 1267†). UNSCR 1267 stated that the â€Å"Taliban regime [should] turn Osama bin Laden over without further delay because of his indictment in the United States for the bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, and called on all member states to freeze fundsRead MoreInternational Financial Reporting Standards Ifrs2112 Words   |  9 PagesInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) According to AICPA, â€Å"International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of accounting standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that is becoming the global standard for the preparation of public company financial statements (www.ifrs.com).† Many countries and regions are presently using IFRS as the primary accounting standard in the preparation of external financial reporting (Fosbre et al., 2009). InRead MoreThe World Health Organization Of The United Nations1569 Words   |  7 Pagesaffiliate of the United Nations (UN) with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Likewise, it’s the coordinating and directing authority for health matters within the systems of the United Nations. The WHO is responsible for the provision of health matters across the globe, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards and provides technical support to nations as well as monitor and assess health trends. There are 194 memb er states governing the WHO through representatives in theRead MoreA Brief Note On The Sustainable Agriculture Network1514 Words   |  7 Pagesfirm but emerges out of inter firm relation in the network. This resource can be much valuable to a firm in shaping their strategies and can open up a set of opportunities. Network resources are distinct from external capabilities of a firm. A firm’s network resources result from the informational advantages they can obtain from participation in inter firm network that channel valuable information. Kind of network: networks are established with potential partners to promote the interest and strategiesRead MoreEssay How the Super Rich Take Advantage of Swiss Banks1211 Words   |  5 PagesEven through pressure from foreign countries has forced Switzerland to change its banking-secrecy laws, Swiss private banking is in good shape. Customers value Switzerland for its security, political stability and stable currency, and have continued to pour in new money over the past two years. Tax evasion isnt as important as sometimes supposed; much of the money coming in is from regions with low tax rates, like the Middle East and Asia. With the super-rich likely to see their wealth rise significantlyRead MoreThe Network Switches, The Standard Network Cable Networks ( Fiber And Utp )1782 Words   |  8 Pages the standard network cable (fiber and UTP). Wireless connectivity (Wi-fi) shall also be used, where ever needed. 2.2 The computing infrastructure The standard computing infrastructure include standard computer hardware such as servers(database servers, web servers, backup/recovery servers and application servers) to host various student learning and support services and personal computers (desktop computers, laptops and notepads) to access and use services. 2.3 The stable system and applicationRead MoreIFRS arguments3442 Words   |  14 PagesThe International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of uniform, principle based standards that, in theory are applied consistently by companies in adopting countries. (Hail et al, 2006). Proponents and standard setters assert that IFRS adoption will produce a number of benefits including improved financial reporting and transparency, international comparisons, market efficiency, cross national information flows and global integration of local firms. (Gornik-Tomaszewski and S Showerman

Carrer Path Nursing Free Essays

The health field is my career of choice. Becoming a registered nurse is my ultimate goal. The nursing field is the best fit for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrer Path Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I take pride in helping others whenever possible. There are many kinds of different field in the health industry that will fit me best. There are many different aspects as to why I want to become a registered nurse. The salary, responsibilities, skills and lifelong learning opportunities are what draw me to the health field. Becoming a registered nurse is one of my main goals during my time at Bryant Stratton. When I finish school becoming a nurse means that I am responsible for health and sake of others. People will depend on me to provide the best service possible for them and the ones they love. On average in the state of Ohio a registered nurse in 2010 makes 44,000 to 78, 000 dollars a year (â€Å"Career One Stop,† n. d. , para. 2). The responsibilities that come with the job are endless. I will be keeping track of a patient’s health, drug dosage, growth of sickness and lending a helping hand to a doctor when needed. The skill I will need and obtain on the job will allow me to excel throughout the rest of my life. According to Career One Stop here are a few skill and abilities I will need and gain from the field: â€Å"Skills: Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Service Orientation – Actively looking for ways to help people. Social Perceptiveness – Being aware of others’ reactions and understanding why they react as they do. Abilities: Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Oral Expression – The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand. Arm-Hand Steadiness – The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position. Information Ordering – The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e. g. patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations). Speech Recognition to identify and understand the speech of another person. †(CareerOneStop,† n. d. , para. 5). – The ability In this field there will always be room for improvement. I will each and every day retain new information and grow as an individual to provide great service. A registered nurse is the mai n focus of my schooling as of right now. A registered nurse is my main goal but anesthesiologist is also a field I am interested in. Any job in the medical field is needed all over the world. There is a high demand for people to work in the health care field. An anesthesiologist would be my second career goal. The salary according to career one stop in the state of Ohio from 2010 is between 129,000 to 127,000 dollars a year. (â€Å"Career One Stop,† n. d. , para. 2) Anesthesiologists are responsible for putting people under for surgeries. They check people’s blood types and determine the right amount of fluid to give to make a person sleep during a surgery. This job is very important not only to the patient but also to the surgeon so they can successfully perform a surgery. Here are a few skills and abilities that are needed for this field: â€Å"Skills: Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. Monitoring – Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action. Reading Comprehension – Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Science – Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems. Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Abilities: Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. Deductive Reasoning – The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Near Vision – The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer). †(â€Å"CareerOneStop,†n. d. , para. 3) Like a registered nurse there is always room to learn new abilities and skills for the job. There will always be lifelong learning opportunities. Anesthesiologist draws me in because of the salary but a veterinarian would be the next field of interest. A veterinarian is a health care profession that deals with the health and well being of animals. You still need the same judgment in this field. You are responsible for the health of animals. They cannot speak for themselves for you have to be the voice for them. According to Career One Stop on average in the state of Ohio in 2010 a veterinarian makes between 53,000 to 120,000 dollars a year. (â€Å"CareerOneStop,† n. d, para. ) Animals are becoming more and more like children to people and their health is very important to people. Skills and abilities are endless in this field. Here are a few skills and abilities needed for this field: Skills: Science – Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems. Active Listening – Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times. Critical Thinking – Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems. Speaking – Talking to others to convey information effectively. Judgment and Decision Making – Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one. Reading Comprehension – Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. Abilities: Inductive Reasoning – The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Oral Comprehension – The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences. Oral Expression – The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand. Problem Sensitivity – The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem. Deductive Reasoning – The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. (â€Å"CareerOneStop,†n. d. ,para 4) Learning opportunities are endless in this field. New disease and sicknesses are being developed daily and there is always room for improvement. Becoming a veterinarian is the last field that interests me. After reviewing all of my interested career paths I have concluded that a registered nurse is my goal. Becoming a registered nurse will take a lot of hard work and dedication but it is the main career goal. I am pursing this field because of the salary, responsibilities and skills that come with the job. Helping others will give me a sense of worth. Though anesthesiologist and a veterinarian do interest me I will continue in the path I am headed in. According to Mayo school of Health Sciences, â€Å"Nurses work to promote health, prevent disease and help patients cope with illness. They are advocates and health educators for patients, families and communities†. (Mayo Clinic, n. d. , para. 1) I am a nurturing person and a nurse will allow me to display these skills. References Occupation Profile – America’s Career InfoNet. (n. d. ). Welcome to America’s Career InfoNet. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www. careerinfonet. org/occ_rep. asp? next=occ_rep;Level=;optstatus=111111111;jobfam=29;id=1;nodeid=2;soccode=291141;stfips=39;x=0;y=0 Registered Nurse Career Overview. (n. d. ). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from http://www. mayo. edu/mshs/rn-career. html How to cite Carrer Path Nursing, Essay examples

Clinical Experience With Urethral Reconstruction Using Tissue

Question: Describe about the Clinical Experience With Urethral Reconstruction Using Tissue. Answer: Introduction In context to the present day scenario, three-dimensional tissue engineered models of the human oral mucosa have been greatly developed , characterized and optimized that helped in understanding of the overall impact of the tissue engineering in the human beings. According to (Osman et al. 2015), various kinds of biomaterials are specifically used since the beginning of time as the connective tissue scaffolds that involved different types of cell culture techniques and other related tissue engineer approaches that helped in reforming the human oral mucosa (Barbagliand Lazzeri 2015). The important application of tissue-engineered mucosa primarily includes clinical transplantation and other related in-vitro investigations that helped in highlighting the investigation of the different kinds of interactions that lies in association with tissue engineered oral mucosa. The other related application included modeling of oral diseasing and further evaluation of the drug delivery system (Bhar gava 2008). In the coming years, the primary focus of the researchers has significantly highlighted on the optimization techniques that are used for defining the related models that specifically dealt with the in-vitro and in-vivo applications. Several studies based on the application of tissue based oral mucosa further helped in representing the capability of the use of advanced oral mucosal reconstructs that helps in reassembling the native oral mucosa (Chakrabarty et al. 2010). The reassembling of the native oral mucosa also helped in stimulating the clinical situation that lead to the reduction of the use of animal experiments. The recent advances in the field of tissue engineering involving oral mucosa thereby has a significant role in terms of the modern day experimentation that has been carried out in the field of biology (Bhargava 2008). This also includes the role played in the advancement, the application of tissue based modern oral mucosa, and how it remains related with the modern da y application that specifically helped in better understanding of the knowledge that lied with the understanding of the application of the oral based tissue mucosa (Candiello 2010). Research based on the in vivo studies of animal has significantly helped the researchers to further investigate the importance of grafted tissue engineered oral mucosa in relation to healing of wound. (Patterson 2010), significantly evaluated the role of autologous fibrin glue based engineered oral mucosa by subcutaneous implantation that is specifically observe in case athymic mice. The major outcome of the of the study is that it clearly revealed that the epithelium remains viable and thus get expressed as a cytokeratin profile. The cytokeratin profile lies in close association with the native oral mucosa. Although it may become difficult for understanding and exploring the data associated with clinical situation particularly at places where the wounds are left open and the grafted material remains air exposed (Chappleand MacNeil 2012). It can be stated that the grafted engineered oral mucosa that is particularly based on the human gingival keratinocytes that are specifically cultured on a fibroblast populated biodegradable collagen membrane on the dorsum of the athymic mice (Chaudhuri 2011). Thus with the implementation of silicon transplantation chambers, the scientists were successful to protect the grafted materials. Histology based on the experimental report revealed that a well organized epithelium that has been found with no sign of necrosis (Colley 2011). Cultured keratinocytes were observed in studying the effects of implantation of the autologous canine oral keratinocytes. It was also observed that the cultured keratinocytes lost their activity on one week after grafting that particularly reported no improvement in the healing of the palatal wounds that helped the author to suggest that the revascularization of the injury area was very much slow (Fukahori et al. 2016). Hence, it did not allow the survival and the incorporation of the other substitutes that are used in the experiments. Although it was shown that the histological interpretation of the grafted engineered mucosa the cultured epithelium has peeled away and as a result the epithelial migration gets lost and peeled away (Gil et al. 2015) The scanning microscopic studies mainly tended to show that various cells got enough growth and weredensely populated within the scaffold construction. The micro Computed Tomography (micro CT) scanning provided an increased porosity regarding the decrease of the total porosity situated at the end of the cultural period (Watkin et al. 2012). According to the histological examination protocol related to the oral mucosal model, it was clearly proved that there was a relative differentiation parakeratizedepithelium, which was found to be distributed evenly among the connective tissue layer (Goberdhan et al. 1993). Moreover, the tissue was found to be related to oral mucosal model as demonstrated by the researchers. The factor of feasibility related to the fabrication of a novel oral mucosal model mainly highlighted the cell lines. Thus, generating a normal cell models helped in optimizing the applications in both the in vitro and in vivo platforms (Harrison et al. 2005). Research Hypothesis To find out if the vibrational spectroscopy will provide valuable information about the collagen cross linkage accruing in the Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa Research Aims and Objectives To analyze the degree of contraction and fibrosis of a tissue-engineered oral mucosa in vitro model Establishing a spectral profile related to the control along with the analysis of drug induced model in order to identify the key spectral differences that reflect on the biochemical changes within the collagen cross-linking. Monitoring the effects of B-APN on the drug induced models at different time intervals Constructing the chemo metric modeling system in order to analyze the spectral data Literature Review Tissue engineered oral mucosa Tissue engineering is the most recent and appropriate application of biotechnology that has upgraded the way we can treat diseases and make innovations. One of the greatest application of this tissue engineering is the three dimensional reconstruction of the oral mucosa. This is helpful on cases of intra-oral and extra-oral repair and treatment of the defects associated with the soft tissues. In such cases it can be referred to as a graft material. The reconstructions provide many useful advantages. The three dimensional oral mucosa reconstructs is helpful in assessing the compatibility of dental implant and other materials. The three dimensional model also replaces the previously used animal model which was used to detect and analyze diseases like cancer ad pneumonia. Therefore the allocation of this tissue engineered oral mucosa tissue constructs can be used to detect diseases, assess the compatibility of the implants and other dental material, and also comes as an alternative to t he previously used animal models (Moharamzadeh 2012). Methods to reduce the contraction Methods for reducing or inhibiting the contraction of the graft were analyzed and experimental design was set up to assess the efficacy of the methods used. The methods were preclinical in general. The tissue engineered oral mucosa has previously shown to be helpful in treating the urethral stricture. Therefore studies were conducted to check which methods reduce the contraction of the graft. Using the tissue-engineered buccal mucosa (TEBM) method, three possible methods reducing the contraction was analyzed in vitro. The methods investigated were pretreatment of de-epidermised dermis (DED) with glutaraldehyde, culture with -aminopropionitrile (-APN; a lysyl oxidase inhibitor), and physical restraint of TEBM grafts during culture. Serial digital image analysis was used to assess the contraction and how it is influenced under the application of each of these methods. To conclude restraint of TEBM grafts during culture and Glutaraldehyde pretreatment were seen to reduce the contraction (Patterson JM 2016). The oral mucosa is the mucosa membrane that consists of stratified quamous epithelial cells. The oral mucosa is essential for protection, thermal regulation sensation and many more. Oral mucosa fibrosis is a condition of the mouth that becomes cancerous rarely. The condition is characterized by the juxta-positioning of the epithelial cells in the mucosa membrane. The condition gets worse by the inability of the patient to move or even open his/her jaws. The conditions of fibrosis can be treated with medicines. An Insight of the Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa Tissue engineered oral mucosal equivalents are been found to be developed for the clinical application and also for the in vitro studies related to mucosal irritation disease, biocompatibility, and the other related basic oral biological phenomenon (Candiello et al. 2013). Researches based on the reviews provide wide range of angles related to the tissue engineering strategies, which are related to the production of human oral mucosal equivalents (Harrison 2006). Figure 1: Macroscopic view of co-culture system of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa (Source: Barbagli and Lazzeri 2015) The relative advantages along with the disadvantages are been systematically analyzed by the researchers related to the article. Numerous techniques, which are generally used for the in vitro reconstructions, associated to the human oral mucosa are been systematically analyzed by various researchers (Heller et al. 2016). This model generally helps the researcher in analyzing the concept regarding the advantages and disadvantages regarding in vitro reconstructions. This can be helped in analyzing clinical application at a better effect. Figure 2: Histological Sections of Oral Mucosa Biopsy (Source: Barbagli 2013) Oral buccal (compositions may be often formulated in the form of tablet granules or capsule. However, the most preferable form is the oral buccal tablet. Due to the factor of high permeability along with effective oral absorption route, it can target in producing a rapid onset of the action of the drug within a very short delivery period (Mangera et al. 2013). Most of the researchers examining the concept of Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosastate that ageing is one of the most effective parameter, which affects the entire mechanism vastly (Kinikoglu et al. 2015). Figure 3: A hematoxyline and esion stained of the tissue engineered oral mucosa equivalent consists of a well stratifies squamous epithelial layer (Source: Bhargava 2008) The lamina propia is considers to be fibrous along with highly vascularized layer, which is generally found to be situated underneath the epithelium layer. This is considered to e one of the most crucial factor for the nutrient supply associated to the epithelium layer (Neel et al. 2013). Since the success of the operative urethra reconstruction is determined by the size of adequate donor tissue for the tissue transfer, it can be considered as one of the major issue associated to the availability of limited quantity of donor tissues (Lee et al. 2015). Development of Tissue Engineered Models of Oral Dysplasia and Early Invasive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Schematic illustration mainly showing the methodology to produce full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal models. In order to produce tissue engineered normal oral mucosa model (TENOM), normal oral fibroblasts (OFs) along with normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) were seeded into a DED scaffold within a 0.8 cm2 steel ring (Moharamzadeh 2012). After the period of 72 hours, the composites were raised mainly to an air or liquid interface and thereby cultured for a further period of 14 days (Maeshima 2000) The entire protocol for deducing full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosa has been summarized by the researcher in the proceeding page. As observed in all the three protocol, the primary incubation period was observed to be 72 hours. After plating on the secondary phase, i.e. the implementations of the media supporting the mimic cells are initiated. It can be clearly analyzed that the researcher provided sufficient period in the secondary phase in order to observe the differentiation. In the secondary phase, the researcher allotted a total time of 14 days. However, there were much difference in the second experiment setup. It was observed that the researcher have analyzed for the implementation of Cal27 molecules during the primary phase. Moreover, in the secondary phase, the there were two systems which was analyzed. The first time setup was 14 days. However, the other period was much longer, i.e. 21 days. After these two phases, the researcher successfully derived the full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model, which was the prime objective of the research study. After attaining this mimic model, various supporting experiment setup was organized in order to monitor the exact configuration of in vivo cell lines in oral mucosa of an individual. Figure 4: Protocol for the production of full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model In order to recreate an in vivo model of the dysplastic oral mucosa (TEDOM), along with the early invasive oral carcinoma (TEIOC), the NOKs were effective replaced with the OSCC cells (Cal 27 or the D 20) and thereby cultured for either a period of 14 days (2 weeks) or 21 days (3 weeks) respectively (Mangeraand Chapple 2013). In addition of a MCTS to the TENOM produced by a model closely, it can be observed that the entire system tends to mimic the carcinoma structure in situ (TECIS). The mimic model model plays an important role for this research study. The replica would provide a complete identical environment of the composition, which is as found in vivo of human oral mucosa. Thus, any changes or alterations within the mimic model would directly reflect on the consequence of the actual in vivo protocol. Thus, effective strategies can be implemented in order to monitor the consequences in the model. Methodology Introduction to Research Methodology Research Methodology mainly helped the researcher in defining the most appropriate and suitable research approaches which in needed to adopt a complete result of the entire protocol related to the subject. This chapter provided a deeper and effective analysis of the factors involved in Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa(Mangera et al. 2013). It can be estimated that research methodology provided a better process for highlighting the limits associated to the protocol. Research Approach The research approach for a study is effectively required in order to format the requirements related to the study. The particular research study can by synthesized by two distinct ways, i.e. Inductive and Deductive approaches (Moharamzadeh et al. 2012). The inductive approach mainly targets in analyzing the research topic when there is limited data present for the relevant context. The preliminary phase of the inductive approach targets in observing relevant information and thereby building the research study systematically (Muzzarelli et al. 2015). It can be clearly noted that the deductive research approach can be used as a protocol to describe the practical application regarding the theories needed to access the content of the research study. On the other hand, the deductive approach targets in building theories related to concepts that are more specific associated to the data analysis structure. Thus, depending more on the nature of the study related to the research topic, the s election of an effective research approach are made to provide a better analysis of the concept (Nguyen 2012). Justification for the Selection of the chosen Research Approach The present research study mainly focuses to the concepts related to Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa based on the theoretical knowledge. The various models related to the study helped the researcher to understand the subject more precisely and systematically. The deductive approach failed to implement effective concepts related to the present context. This is because the researcher heavily emphasized on the development of innovative concepts and ideas regarding tissue-engineered models (Harrison et al. 2005). On the other hand, deductive approach was found to be unsuitable for the study becausethe researcher emphasized more on the innovation of new concepts and not on developing theories based on the previous research studies of Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa. Research Design The research design helped the researcher in explaining the framework related to the research topic. An efficient design helped the researcher in collecting data through a systematic and scientific manner (Ohki et al. 2012). The types of Research Design which are found to be associated to the study are as follows: Figure 5: Research Design (Source: Chappleand MacNeil 2012) The Exploratory Research Design helped the researcher in acknowledging the vivid types of thoughts and ideas related to the context (Osman et al. 2012). On the other hand, the Explanatory Research Design mainly focused to towards the occurrence of various events or incidents, which affects the various consequences. The mere explanation regarding the cause and effect relationship limits the role of Explanatory Research Design to be applied in this context. Finally, the factor of Descriptive Research Study targets in gaining effective state occurrences related to the events in a proper and detailed manner related to the subject (Patterson 2011). Justification for selection of the chosen Research Design The application for the Explanatory Research Design mainly avoided the support regarding the concept of longitudinal study, which was possible for the particular topic. The descriptive research design was quite effective in defining the details of the various protocol related to the involvement of models for Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa(Roman et al. 2014). It can be considered apt for scrutinizing the research topic in a systematic manner. Data Collection Procedure Data are generally considered as one of the most useful protocol for collecting information and thereby analyzing factual information related to any research study (Vaegler et al. 2015). An effective and methodical data collection procedure would help in devising an accurate result for the research study. Data Sources The sources of data were found to be helpful for the researcher for analyzing the research topic and thereby extracting information in order to proceed accordingly (Watkin 2008). The Primary and Secondary Data sources were the two efficient bases, which helped the researcher in gaining profuse information for the research study. It can be stated that the primary data attained by the researcher mainly helped in collecting the raw information (raw data) which can be catered as per the needs of the research article (Winterroth et al. 2014). All the first hand data attained from the research survey needed efficient clarification on the fields of validity and reliability. On the other hand, the secondary data sources provided data, which mainly targeted for widening the concepts related to the research topic. This helped the researcher to analyze a better study of the subject as it provided in depth data and description (Xie et al. 2014). Primary and Secondary The current research topic focuses on the primary research subjects, which effectively included the interactive sessions with scholars performing research on Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa(Kinikoglu, Damourand Hasirci 2015). Apart from this, the researcher stressed on the literature sources of the dissertation (as it was considered as an output of the information attained from the secondary tools). The most efficient secondary tools, which were related to the dissertation, are offline and online platforms, such as the peer reviewed journals, blogs, websites and articles related to Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa(Heller et al. 2016). Qualitative Analysis The Qualitative Data Analysis were considered as one of the most efficient parameter of the research study which helped to provide a better description of the research study. The study of qualitative analysis provided a practical application of the subject, which in turn helped in understanding the topic more precisely unlike the quantitative procedure (Kinikoglu, Damourand Hasirci 2015). The study was mainly based on non-probability sampling, because the entire data were restored and left non-manipulated. Quantitative Analysis The Quantitative Data mainly applied statistical data related to Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa, which was useful in recording data. The tools, which were implemented in the quantitative research study, were regression plot, ANOVA, T-test and Z-test in order to extract the information from large sample population (Lee et al. 2015). The study was mainly based on probability sampling in order to maximize the output attained from the entire methodological protocol. In this present research study, the researcher has opted for a mixed analysis (i.e. the intervention of both qualitative and quantitative research study). This is mainly because the researcher wanted to extract data from bulk population along with quality information from the scholars undergoing researches on Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa(Maeshima 2000). Population and Sample The population related to the research study focused to the people who were either directly or indirectly associated to the research study. The present study mainly dealt with scholars related to the project of Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosaand the students studying under the same group of scholars (Mangera 2013). However, it was quite impossible for the researcher to extract information from every student, as the population size was huge. Hence, the researcher opted for the synthesis of a research sample, which would provide the exact replica of the entire population Sampling Technique The sample, which was considered for the study of Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa, was much smaller in number. The samples for the students were based on simple random probability sampling, where no criteria were selected. On the other hand, the scholars related to the article were based on the non-probability sampling technique. This was performed based on the online questionnaire template. The students were asked to participate in the survey, which was performed by the researcher based on the LikersScale (which ranged from 1 to 5). On the other hand, the scholars were accessed for the interview session as per the flexible timings and schedule. Sample Size The sample size of the research study was mainly based on the quantitative and qualitative research study. The study of the quantitative research sample was involved with 50 students who directly interacted with the research protocol. They were mainly provided with online questionnaire templates by the researcher. On the other hand, the scholars associated to the research topic of Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosawere 5 in number. They were conducted for an interview session. Thus, the total sample size (quantitative analysis of 55 + qualitative analysis of 5) were 60. Ethical Considerations During the entire research protocol, the researcher were abided with various code of conducts, which helped in identifying the inappropriate measures regarding the research subject. The researcher was accustomed to wide range of decision making protocol in order to follow the ethical considerations related to the standardization of the research topic (Moharamzadeh et al. 2012). The commonly followed ethical considerations followed by the researcher are stated below: Data Application: The data, which is gained from the study related to Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa, helped in better understanding of the subject. However, it was sincerely stated that the researcher did not followed any commercially available data available in the offline and online sources. All the data associated to the online and offline portal were considered as a backup of the secondary sources and was not directly incorporated in the project. Respondents Involvement: The researcher stressed effectively on the fact that there was no external influence on the respondents regarding the participation in the study. Every participants involved in the study were voluntarily involved in the research study and had the liberty to step out from the program at any point of time. Respondents Anonymity: The researcher ensured the fact that there were no factor of mental or physical harassment which were found to be involved with the respondents. Moreover, the personal identities of the respondents were not disclosed (confidential) by the researcher. Time Horizon The research topics followed by the researcher were based on cross sectional and longitudinal platforms, which mainly depended on the information available on the particular topic. The present research studies were mainly based on cross sectional study due to the fact that the researcher were subjected to various time constraints. The researcher in order to segregate the tasks in a detailed structure and thereby help in completing of the research work provided a Gantt chart. The entire details related to the article are summarized below: Main Activities/ Stages Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Oral Biopsy Isolation Cell Expansion (passage) and De-EpidermalizedDermisprepatation (DED) Seeding on DED Tissue Engineered Buccal Mucosa (TEBM) Tissue Processing Analyzing with FTIR Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection Findings of the Data Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft Submission of Final Work TOTAL Future Scope of the Study The purpose of developing full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model was based on the mimic structure of the actual cell lines. The model provided the exact structure, which is normally present within the individual. Thus, the researchers can effectively encounter any information regarding the change or alteration in the cell lines due to the application of any foreign material. One of the most effective perspectives, which can be attained from full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model, is the effects or side effects of drugs on the cell lines. After the development of any innovative formulation of a drug, the mimic model can be sufficiently used to monitor its mode of action. It would help in analyzing the accurate dosage of the drug and highlight to the side effects. Moreover, it would also help in analyzing the factors for the development of alternative drug lines that are apt for oral mucosal cell lines. Apart from the factor of drug test, the second most important factor, which can be analyzed from full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model, is the factor for development of cancer. Often it has been stated that studying the development of cancer cells or studying the proliferation of cancer cells in normal context is quite a complex task. However, if a researcher is subjected to full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model, then he/she can easily access the possibilities for developing cancer cells. This would help in analyzing the exact morphology of these cultivated cells, which can be restored for future usage. The third scope for the usage of full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model is the development of spot thickness skin grafts. Previously, it was stated that there were several disadvantages for harvesting full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model for analyzing the marked pain situated at the palatal donor site. Hence, as a result of fact, most of the materials were found to be used after the major trauma, maxillofacial preprosthetic surgery and surgical restrictions. It was previously considered that anatomical along with biochemical similarities related to the mucosal cell lines are quite commonly available for using on large thicken skin defects. However, based on future studies, one can effectively design full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model for intraoral grafting which was lagged for technical purposes previously. Very few reports based on this factors can be introduced for developing wide range of full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal mo dels which can be effectively used for the grafting purposes. Full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model can be used for developing primary human oral keratinocytes, which can be effectively harvested from the palatal keratinized mucosa. The material can be effectively spreaded across the palatal keratinized mucosal cells in order to provide an environment, which is completely free from serum, transformed irradiated xenogenic feeder cells along with the interaction of pituitary extracts in a well defined culture medium. As soon as the sufficient oral keratinocytes are produced, the researchers can seed them into AlloDerm, which is an acellular dermal matrix (branded under the LifeCell). The entire protocol for harvesting the tissue can be used for maintaining a suitable intraoral grafting. An effective full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model would help in developing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards. This would help in ensuring fabrication of the consistent guidelines for the various cell based products, which ar e based on the Centre for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CEBR) along with the interaction of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The GMP regulation would help to maintain an quality aporoach in ordr to manufacture instances related to the contamination and errors. The commonly observable factors related to this domain would include personnel qualification, record keepings, protocol validation along with complaint handling. Evaluating the safety factors related to full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model would help the researcher to formulate an intraoral grafting protocol. The secondary objective, which would be analyzed by the researcher, would be to assess the efficiency of the grafted full thickness tissue engineered oral mucosal model in order to increase the amount of keratinized mucosa after the grafting protocol. The factor facilitating clinical trial would help in developing Independent New Drug (IND) application, which is an important tool for the future studies. Summary of the Chapter The present chapter mainly described the tools associated to the research study. 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